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Disclosure and Resolution of Conflicts of Interest

American Society of Anesthesiologists adheres to ACCME Essential Areas, Standards, and Policies regarding industry support of continuing medical education. In accordance with the ACCME Standards for Commercial Support of CME, the ASA implemented mechanisms, prior to the planning and implementation of this CME activity, to identify and resolve conflicts of interest for all persons in a position to control content of this CME activity. All presenters are required to make a verbal disclosure prior to their presentation.

Article Authors: Zirka H. Anastasian, M.D., Dorothea Strozyk, M.D., Philip M.Meyers, M.D., Shuang Wang, Ph.D., and Mitchell F. Berman, M.D., M.P.H., have no financial interest in or affiliation with any commercial supporter or providers of any commercial services discussed in this educational material.

Editorial Author: E. Stephen Amis, Jr., M.D., has no financial interest in or affiliation with any commercial supporter or providers of any commercial services discussed in this educational material.

CME Editors: Leslie C. Jameson, M.D., and Dan J. Kopacz, M.D., have no relevant financial relationships to disclose.

ASA Staff: Employees involved in planning have no relevant financial relationships to disclose.